Three Key Learnings Essay Example for Free

Three Key Learnings EssayThis course had been a strong push for me in my career as it has given me the paint skills that I need to face the challenges that I am to face as a professional individual in my field of view of interest. Undeniably, the skills that I have learned made me much confident in handling real hands-on-basis activities that are to be reached to me in the actual field of work that I am to undergo. These skill enhancements have sure made me more confident in presenting software that would be much helpful in the field of technological development in the society today. The qualitative research elements that have been presented to us through this course made me more knowledgeable in handling new era developments in the field of estimator Technology. Improving the existing computer software being used today has become one of the main goals that I have set for myself because of the exposure that I had with qualitative research approach studies. Undermining the different strengths and weaknesses of the existing computer programs today has made me greatly interested the process of enhancing and developing more sophisticated programs that would turn up much helpful in the process of improving the systems of the current computer technology situation in the society. In terms of analyzing other sets of studies that aim to present the different details about several software-programs prepared to present the pros and the cons of the systems in actual applications, this course has made me more confident in the presentations that I am fashioning to be able to handle several analysis reports. Undeniably, this course me more dependable and a lot more competent in my field of study as I am now able to become more practically critical with the works that I am presenting to the officials of my profession and to the humankind as well.This course actually gave me a clear view on what grave responsibilities I am about to take in as I take steps forward in accepting this profession. True, facing a highly technological world is a huge responsibility for individuals such as my type. But with the right skills and right disposition in facing the challenges of the profession that I am to accept, the said responsibilities could be well performed for the betterment of the larger tribe of the human society that I am about to serve. On the part of synthesizing the studies that are further performed to help in the process of computer technologys development for the present world of commerce and world connections, I have been able to see the difference of simply understanding the issue from that of directly making solutions for the issues that are concerned with the current computer applications used today. I have learned that seeing deeply in the problem is one particular key that enhances the analysis of the programs thus equipping the analysts the needed understanding that they have to posses to be able to draw with the issues of the sy stem. Overall, from this course, I was able to recognize what it is that I have to deal with in facing the major issues concerned with computer technology today. Through the skills that I have learned and the attitude that I have gained, I realize how important my profession is for the modern society that we are living with today.

High School vs College Essay Example for Free

High School vs College EssayCollege and mellow coach share the same common goal, which is teaching students to learn however, in reality there are many differences between college and racy school. In fact college and high school are two different experiences in the smell of students. For example many students at colleges and Universitys live on that campus or establishment, for as people in high school do not. Most students who potash alum high school and go off to college choose to be there, students who are enrolled in high school have to be there, if the students in high school didnt attend they more than likely wont be attending college. Attendance is one of the biggest changes from making the change from high school to college, in high school kids were penalized for missing/skipping class. However in college the professor wouldnt care if you came or not. That is a big part in the transition from manakin school to the collegiate level. Most teachers in high school assig n busy work that doesnt count on your final grade. For as college you depress assignments that really count towards your grade. You will very seldom get assignments that do not count like reading some pages in a textual matter book etc. t is nice and saves a lot of time for your social life. There is also a lot of relearning in college classes, and classes can be much larger than those of high school. High school you will probably get fifteen to twenty students in each of your classes, but far as college it varies in numerous numbers you can get to fifty students in one classroom. Many people whitethorn not believe me when I state them college students are much more mature than those of the high school level.People of high school always have a principle, teacher, or substitute in their ear telling them what to do, and what not to do most of the time. College is more of yourself doing what you need to do to succeed thats why college students are more mature and organized. not sayi ng that every high school students not, but for the majority college students over rule in that area. In college you can make appear your own schedule instead of waking up early every morning at 8 am or whatever time your high school classes started.Its a big difference between high school and college. In high school you are expected to read fiddling assignments that are then discussed, and often re-taught, in class. Far as college you are assigned substantial amounts of reading and writing which may not be straightaway addressed in a college class. You may study distant class as little as 0 to 2 hours a week in a high school class, and this may be mostly last-minute test preparation. College courses you need to study at least 2 to 3 hours outside of class for each hour in class to be prepared for test quizzes and exams.The transition in high school teachers and professors are also a big difference. Teachers of the high school level present material to help you understand the ma terial in the textbook, Professors may not follow the textbook. Instead, to amplify the text, they may give illustrations, provide background information, or discuss research about the topic you are studying. Or they may expect you to relate the classes to the textbook readings. The changes from high school to college vary in many ways some good, and some bad depending on the student.

Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther exponent Jr. EssayMartin Luther King, Jr is a prominent African American in the history of the get together States of America renown for his gracious rights coiffeivism in his invigoration fashioning him an important human rights icon dismantle today. Martin Luther King Jr was born in Atlanta, Georgia on 15th January 1929 in a Christian family with his father Martin Luther King Sr. a reverend and his mother Alberta Williams King. He had deuce siblings, an older sister and a younger brother. King grew up in Atlanta and attended Bookker T Washington High School. He joined Morehouse College at the age of fifteen and ulterior in 1948 graduated with a degree in Arts majoring in sociology.He later enrol direct in Cruzer Theological Seminary for theological studies and graduated in 1951. He enrol take in Boston University for his doctorate in systematic theology and received his PHD in 1955. He married Coretta Scott in 1953 and had four children. In 1954 he became Dextor way Baptist Church Pastor at the age of 25. In 1955 he led the capital of Alabama Bus Boycott, 1957 assisted the founding of Southern Christian Leadership conference, 1963 led March on Washington where he delivered his I yield a Dream speech and in1964, he received Nobel Peace prize.Thereafter his focuses was on penury Vietnam War and religion and in 1968 April 4th, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. His significance is even-tempered felt and have been rewarded the 1977 Presidential ornamentation of Freedom, 2004 Congressional Gold Medal and the United States further established a state of matteral holiday in his respect in 1986. (Bruns 1-30) Martin Luther King Jr accomplished a lot in his life. The 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott which he led was as a result of the oppressions and discriminations that African Americans were going through from the dominating whites.The Jim Crow laws existed and which segregated non-white communities in exoteric services. The boyco tt lasted for a year leading to Kings arrest and his house bombing. However, he influenced the end of racial segregation on the buses and Jim Crow laws amendment in 1965. With other well-behaved rights activists, Martin Luther founded the Southern Christian drawing cardship conference in 1957. This group aimed at mobilizing the black churches against gracious right deprave. Kings applied non violence techniques in his awareness a concept he borrowed from Mahatma Gandhi.In 1960s the American politics were dominated by civil right injustices. Kings therefore mobilized the society on right to vote, labor rights, civil rights and desegregation. He became so influential from public opinion sympathy. However, he was successful in influencing the civil rights act of 1964 and voting rights act 1965. In his foment against desegregation, King found himself in conflict with the law and in life threatening incidents. At one time he was stubbed on the chest by a woman because of his stance. In 1961 he was arrested and jailed along others in Albany movement.In 1963 along with SCLC he led the Birmingham campaigns that lasted for two months against all racial segregations and discriminatory laws. In these campaigns they confronted with the law enforcers and many a(prenominal) were arrested. Children also took into the campaigns. Despite Kings Advocate for non-violent campaigns, at times pressure exceeded and violence was reported. These campaigns were significant in the Jim Crow laws removal and Kings reputation growth. He was also influential in the 1964 St Augustine and Selma Marches against whites harassment.The 1963 March of Washington was real significant in the history of Martin Luther Kings as well as that of the United States. It attracted around half a million people from all racial backgrounds. It is at this place that he voiced his I have a dream speech that influenced and still influences Americans even today. The march aimed at voicing freedom and compare in all sectors like in jobs. Along with other civil rights movements and activists, they voiced on despicable wages, desegregations in public institutions like schools, protection of civil movements from police brutality, self presidency for Washington among others.There after, he continued with his activism expressing his stance on compensation of the disadvantaged and black Americans. He was involved in Bloody Sunday saga and influenced the Chicago marches that included the Belmont Cragin, Bogan, Gege Park, and Evergreen Park alongside others. He also opposed the Vietnam War terming the American g everywherenment involution as goal oriented and as the purveyor of the violence. Beyond Vietnam speech was very significant in his stance on Vietnam. He basically criticized the United States government involvement in to this war.All these pressures and influences he had against the American government made him very insecure. His life was endangered with instances of even physical ass aults and life threats. All these led to his assassination in 1968 when in his civil duties. His death still remains a controversy as his enemies ranged from the government to individuals. His influence still remains even today. His is known to have influenced many prominent people including Jesse Jackson and Barrack Obama. His influence was also felt in the third world countries across Africa and Asia.(Bruns 1-143) The thoughts and the life of Martin Luther Kings Jr are very significant not only to the Americans except to the world at large. Many of the third world countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia have drawn their political dominance struggle from his teachings. By the year 1968 in his assassination, many African countries had acquired independence but elements of Europeans control still dominated their political and economic settings. They have applied kings thoughts to seek fully their independence.In South Africa, prominent people against apartheid like Desmond Tutu, Nelson and Winnie Mandela, Alan Boesky have advocated kings thought in their struggle. The mixer divisions characterizing most nations in the world have brought discrimination of the lower classes. For instance the Rich discriminate the poor. The poor have continued struggling and in most cases they have used the kings non violence outline for fear that the rich would overcome them in violence. (Roof 113-cxv) African American originally migrated in the United States as slaves. They were discriminated and oppressed in their places of work.Even after the abolishment of slavery, elements of oppression and discrimination were still rampant in American society. There was and have been the need to organize this issue as the superiority nature of US depends on its entire people and not a particular race. Martin Luther was among the many people who have dedicate their lives to create a racism free society. He challenged the United States government which led to the abolishment of const itution based discriminative elements. It was upon his efforts that many other anti-segregation and civil rights have emerged.They have challenged consecutive government enhancing equality in race in the United States society. As a super power, United States have significantly influenced the global community against racism. It has influenced the united nation to act against racism in European world a place where racism is one of the major social issues. His influence is not only in black people but also in minority group in the world. Martin Luther King Jr is celebrated for he sowed the seeds of healing and hope in United States. His leadership was courageous, truthful, and compassionate of dignity and humility.He advocated for forgiveness, unconditional love and nonviolence element that most of the successful leader in the world today have adopted. His expression in the dream of America has in itself a lot to copy. He accentuate multiracial nation bound by justice, peace and reco nciliation. His holiday is very significant in the American unity. There is not other day that brings all races together in a vibrant spirit of togetherness. The Hispanic, African Americans, Native Americans and all other immigrants feel they are part of the Luthers dream on America.He had a vision on the world that its people and nations will overcome poverty, war, racism and violence. He had a vision on ecumenical solidarity which implied that all faiths have a significant contribution to the beloved society. His life and thoughts have also had an influence to many people in that his endurance in threats and beatings for the sake of the freedom for others. (Rev King Holiday) In education, he influenced sociology. He was an advocate of non violence reconciliation and unconditional love perspectives that can be applied in solving social conflicts.His idiom on what is the most loving way I can resolve this conflict? in solving problem is the most diplomatic method that many nations have applied in solving their differences. He prompted love to all mankind. In his holiday Americans take that opportunity to help the unfortunate the sick and the poor in their society. His life is also significant to the Christianity way of life. It emphasized the love of God and the love for your neighbor as the greatest commandment. He was food of quoting the script and almost lived a perfect way. Jesus Himself died for the good of the people to set them free from their sins.Martin Luthers died in the war for freedom of his people. He has influence many non-Christians to join the faith and also many Christians to imitate his strategies (The Struggle Begins) The election of Barrack Obama as the president of the United States is a reflection of Martin Luther King fight against racism in the US. It is an evidence of the extent the United States people have reached in race relation. It reflects Americans citizens decisions not on the color of the skin but on the content and charac ters of its leaders. Obamas appointment can be described to be a fulfillment of Kings dream.He expressed his hopes in an equitable society and appealed to the moral consciousness of Americans. It is under this inspiration that the American voted in. Obamas win was also on caution to those amongst the American who are still in racism ideologies. Kings influence will continue as such racist are now likely to reform making US a racism free society. (Zaid) Martin Luther king Jr was a young man who has influenced a lot of young men around the world. He worked indefatigably to fully realize his potential despite the challenges he came across. Unfortunately he was assassinated.His life has been a challenge to many youth who are vulnerable in loosing hope. His life is a testimony implying everybody can succeed in all areas in life. The ideology that the more one is aged the more successful is a thing of the past. Many youths have exploited their talents and have really succeeded under king s inspiration. They are evident in sports, entertainment, politics, business and education. He emphasized on moral consciousness a concept that when adapted, one can refrain from civil disobedience reducing violation through drug abuse and other crimes.For any society to succeed in all dimensions of life, it must observe equality, be moral conscious, obey the civil rights, and use friendly strategy in solving conflicts. These were the kings major advocacies. He is a significant icon in the United States success. Therefore, his strategies should be used all over the world in foreign and domestic polices. His thoughts and strategies can be effective in solving many conflicts around the world. Nation-nation conflicts may be resolved victimization a more friendly and diplomatic strategy.Domestic violence especially in African communities may be solved without violation of human rights and civil rights. Even as Kings influence continue to be felt all over, even as his dreams start fulfil ling a lot need to be make to address the uncovered issues that still oppress the minority and the poor. He fought for civil movements and who should in turn continue challenging the violators of justice.Work citedRoof, C. W.World Order and Religion SUNY Press, 1991 113 115 Bruns, R. Martin Luther King, Jr A Biography Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 1 143 Rev King Holiday. Martin Luther king. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http//www. theholidayspot. com/martin_luther_king_day/meaning. htm Zaid, I. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. , Barack Obama, and the Fate of America. 2008. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http//www. newislamicdirections. com/nid/notes/dr_martin_luther_king_jr_barack _obama_and_the_fate_of_america/ The Struggle Begins. Lecture 25 Martin Luther Kings. Retrieved on Monday, December 08, 2008 from, http//www. wfu. edu/matthetl/perspectives/twentysix. html

The Poor But Efficient Hypothesis Economics Essay

The Poor But Efficient Hypothesis Economics probeIn Chapter ace we set in motion the purpose for this research and explain to the reviewer the essence of quantifying the amount the ho procedure of goods and serviceshold is departing to pay for abating malaria both in the present and in the future. In this chapter we go a step get on by reviewing literature in this ara. This chapter is important because it provides the reader with a part of history into this area of research. It also gives the reader an opportunity to understand where our research stands vis--vis early(a) researches in this area. Obtaining a value for the marginal effect of malaria on farmers proficient cleverness is unmatchable of the live wires on which precise estimates for our Willingness-To-Pay depend. We therefore want to start by reviewing literature in the area of force measurement afterwards, we allow for research into literature in the area of Willingness To Pay.Before we go ahead we gamey light the purpose of measuring skillful ability to the reader.Technical susceptibility in general enables virtuoso to understand the relationship amidst input used and the getup (total harvested array). It also enables us to measure the per defecateance of individual farms in an industry as well as provide an index for the average performance of the overall industry. This then leads us to propose policy recommendations that could help shift the labor marge- the supreme attainable harvest from each input- of the farm closer to the industry term at the prevailing technology. As we progress in this research the reader pass on further appreciate this concept and the reason why it is sensation of the most talked about concepts in learning/resource sparings.At the moment, our aim is to examine somewhat literature that relates to our area of research. We therefore start Section 2.1 by reviewing literature relating to the poor nevertheless approach-effective hypothesis of Schultz (1964). Section 2.2 reviews some tillage-establish literature on strength and health. In doing this we divide the study on inefficiency into twain the Frequentist (Section 2.2.1) and the Bayesian (Section 2.2.2) studies. Using another manner of classification, we classify the study of efficiency into single output studies (Section 2.2.3) and multiple output studies (Section 2.2.4). This puts us in good standing to review literature on Willingness-To-Pay in Section 2.4.Productivity/Efficiency Studies in gardeningThe Poor but Efficient HypothesisThe huge volume of research on efficiency in agriculture draws motivation from Schultz (1964) book Transforming Traditional Agriculture. In the book he explains why rural farmers are efficient in the management and allocation of resources. He ad caravances a hypothesis popularly called the poor but efficient hypothesis. Researchers try to verify this hypothesis quantitatively in doing this, a lot of issues come to the fore, part of which is the best way to measure productivity. Before the climax of the de conditioninistic measure of productivity pioneered by Aigner and Chu (1968), and, Afriat (1972) researchers attempt to measure efficiency. Of great importance to us in this area are the works of Welsch (1965), Chennareddy (1967) and Lipton (1968) because they specifically screen the validity of Schultzs poor but efficient hypothesis.Chennareddy (1967) utilizes the linear regression summary on a information of one hundred and four rice and baccy farmers in South India victimization a Cobb-Douglas production function. His findings were in accord with Schultz hypothesis. He recommends that South Indian farmers should adopt modern technology and extension gentility in order to move to a higher frontier. Lipton (1986)1disagrees with this recommendation. He argues that if Schultzs findings are correct then the rural farmers do not need any sharp advice to improve their productivity in other words moving to a higher frontier should not be a problem for them. He further queries Schultzs assertion believing that it only works under a neo-classical theory of perfect competition he affirms that if Schultz uses linear programming to analyse his data his findings would try that the rural farmer is inefficient.Welsch (1965) in his study on Abakaliki rice in Eastern Nigeria makes use of the linear regression to affirm that peasant farmers respond to economic inducement by allocating efficiently among several resources at their disposal. Hence, he supports Schultzs hypothesis. nonpareil thing we want the reader to note in the above groups of literature is the writers who contain with Schultzs assertion use parametric techniques to arrive at their conclusion piece of music Lipton (1968) employs a non-parametric linear programming technique that assumes at least one reckon is not fully employed.Just as the argument is about to cease, Sauer and Mendoza-Escalante (2007) involve themselves i n it. Their work serves to reconcile these diametrically opposing tames of thought. It puts to use a parametric normalized generalized Leontief (GL) profit function technique to analyse joint production of Cassava flour and maize by small-scale farmers in Brazil. The small-scale farmers are allocatively efficient, they assert, but they show considerable inefficiency in the scale of operation. At this juncture, we remind the reader that our digression is intentional. Our aim is to show how Schultzs assertion has brought an upsurge in the second of efficiency studies in agriculture with special focus on the developing economies of the world. We like to say that the work not only instigates research in development/resource economics but it also prompts research in anthropology and sociology (see Adams, 1986 and the review by Michelena, 1965 pp. 540-541).Proper measure of productivity starts with Aigner and Chu (1968), Afriat (1972) and Richmond (1974) where they propose a determinist ic method of frontier measurement. Though their studies are obsolete they however underscore the popularity of the Cobb-Douglas functional form in the early literature to show the relationship surrounded by input and output. Aigner, Lovell and Schmidt (1977), Meeusen and van den Broeck (1977), and, Battese and Corra (1977)2introduce the modern random frontier analysis as we know it today simultaneously. Their position apart from incorporating the efficiency term into the deterministic warning it also includes the effect of random shock, hence, the name stochastic. Lau and Yotopoulos (1971) also introduce a dual profit function model to measure efficiency but their method is not as popular in production analysis because it only yields efficiency measures for a group of farms while the frontier method gives efficiency values for individual farms in the industry (Frsund et al 1980).The reader should note that the linear regressions of Chennareddy (1967) and Welsch (1965) give the shape of the technology of an average farm in the industry while the stochastic frontier model gives the shape of the technology of the most productive farm in the industry against which the efficiency of every other farm is measured (Coelli 1995). In other words, Chennareddy (1967) and Welsch (1965) use an average response model for their analysis.The specification of a functional form and/or distributional confidence confers on a technique the nomenclature parametric while the non-specification of a functional/distributional form confers on a technique the non-parametric nomenclature. The non-parametric nomenclature means, in the words of Koop (2003), you are letting the data speak. This he says is very difficult to achieve as even in the non-parametric system, but like in the parametric, one need to impose certain structure on a particular problem in order to achieve ones objectives.The use of the Data Envelopment abridgment (DEA) (another technique is the Free Disposal Hull, FDH) overshadows every other technique in the non-parametric class. Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (1978) introduce this technique and gave it the name as we know it today. The data natural enclosure analysis technique uses the linear programming method to generate a piece-wise envelop over the data points. The technique is widely used in adept efficiency studies but it has the shortcoming of not incorporating randomness in measuring efficiency. Also, the envelop curve is not everywhere variousiable. Our focus in this research is the parametric technique.The parametric technique has progressed so much in the literature that there are now two different econometric schools of thought for estimating efficiency. The first school of thought are the Frequentists who dominate this field since its inception and the second school of thought are the Bayesians into which our research belongs.The Frequentist StudiesThe first set of Frequentist study is deterministic in nature and use the technol ogical structure of the mathematical programming approach (see Aigner and Chu, 1968 Timmer, 1971 and, Frsund and Hjalmarsson, 1979 for exposition on mathematical/goal programming). Richmond (1974) introduces the Modified mediocre least Square (MOLS) approach to analyse the efficiency of Norwegian manufacturing industries specifying a Cobb-Douglas production function. Richmond (1974) is a modification of the Corrected Ordinary Least Squares (COLS) approach. Winsten (1957) introduces this model by assuming a distribution (such as half normal or exponential) for the disturbance term. The Corrected Ordinary Least Square technique involves a two step process. The first step involves the use of the Ordinary Least Squares to observe unchanging and un predetermine estimates of the marginal effect parameters on the contrary, the intercept parameters are consistent but bias. The second step involves the shifting of the intercept upwards so the frontier envelops the data from above.Greene ( 1980) takes Richmond (1974) work a step further as he assumes a gamma distribution for the random error term using the maximum likelihood approach. He uses the data from Nerlove (1963) which is a sample of one hundred and fifty five firms producing electricity in the united States in 1955. Apart from replicating the results of Aigner and Chu (1963), Greene (1980) tries to explain the statistical relevance of his model. The reader should note that Greene (1980)s model is deterministic.One of the early applications of the deterministic frontier were Shapiro and Mller (1977), Shapiro (1983), Belbase and Grabowski (1985). Shapiro and Mller (1977) attempt to estimate the proficient efficiency of forty farms in Geita district of Tanzania. They follow Timmer (1971) method of analysing expert efficiency by applying the linear programming to a Cobb Douglas production frontier. Their result which is similar to that of Chennareddy (1967) shows that the traditional farmer can improve his te chnical efficiency by adopting modern farming practices through easy access to information. This, they say, will be at the expense of non-economic costs like the farmer being branded unsociable by his community. Shapiro (1983) working in the same district as Shapiro and Mller (1977) tries to confirm the poor but efficiency hypothesis but identifys the hypothesis whitethorn not be applicable in terms of peasant agriculture in Tanzania because their output could still be annexd if all farmers had the same efficiency as the most efficient farmer in the sample. These assertions echo the conclusion of Lipton (1968). He uses the same model and method of analyses as Shapiro and Mller (1977).Belbase and Grabowski (1985) introduce a technique that is different from the other two stated above. They apply the Corrected Ordinary Least Square (COLS) approach of Winsten (1957) on cross-sectional sample of farms in Nuwakot district of Nepal. They record an average technical efficiency value of 8 0% for joint production of rice, maize, millet and wheat. The average technical efficiency value for individual frontier calculation for rice and maize is given as 84% and 67% in that order. They find correlation between technical efficiency and other variables which are nutritionary level, income and education. Technical efficiency is however not correlated with farming experience.Some studies investigate the impact of certain agricultural policies on productivity. A priori one expects these policies to actually increase productivity but this is not always the case. One of such study Taylor, Drummond and Gomes (1986) use a deterministic production function and control the World Bank sponsored credit programme PRODEMATA did not impact positively on the technical efficiency of farmers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Their result shows that there is no digression between the technical efficiency of farmers who participate in the programme and those that did not participate. This paper i s one of the few that oppose both the results of the Corrected Ordinary Least Square and the maximum likelihood approaches. Unexpectedly, the participant farmers in the PRODEMATA programmes have slightly lesser allocative efficiency than non-participant farmers. The researchers also favour Schultzs hypothesis.We want the reader to note that the deterministic frontier is still popular in the literature for example, Alvarez and Arias (2004) use Lau and Yotopoulos (1971) dual profit function model to measure the effect of technical efficiency on farm surface using data from one hundred and ninety-six dairy farms in Northern Spain. They introduce technical efficiency as a parameter to estimate in a simple production function. They observe a positive relationship between technical efficiency and farm size after they control for output prices, input prices and quasi- situated inputs. Also Amara et al (1999) use the deterministic frontier to discover the relationship between technical ef ficiency and the credence of conservation technologies by potato farmers in Quebec. They be that farming experience and the word meaning of conservation technologies have positive influence on technical efficiency.Croppenstedt and Demeke (1997) use a fixed-random coefficients regression to analyse data for small-scale farmers growing cereal in Ethiopia. They observe that land size is a major constraint to crop production and large farms are relatively less productive than small farms other things being equal. They note that most of the farms are inefficient. They also observe inefficiency in the use of inputs especially turn over and fertiliser. Share cropping is positively correlated to technical efficiency.Karagiannis et al (2002) propose an alternative for separating technical change form cadence change technical inefficiency. Their proposition uses the general formulation index to model technical change (Karagiannis et al 2002 cites Baltagi and Griffin 1988). They also mod el technical change as quadratic function of time. Their proposition does not assume any distributional assumption for the one sided stochastic error term. They then apply their proposition to the United Kingdom dairy sector from 1982 to 1992 using a translog production frontier. They obtain a mean technical efficiency value of about seventy-eight per cent for the dairy industry with this period.One major disadvantage of the deterministic frontier model is that it over-values our inefficiency estimates. For example, Taylor and Shonkwiler (1986) discover the deterministic frontier gives over seventy per cent inefficiency while the stochastic frontier gives twenty per cent value for inefficiency.At present, a lot of papers utilize the stochastic frontier model in their analysis. Coelli et al (2003) makes use of the stochastic frontier to calculate the total operator productivity for a panel data of crop agriculture in Bangladesh. The data contains cardinal observations put oned be tween 1960/61 and 1991/92 from 16 regions and the result reveals technical change is convex in nature with increase starting about the time of the introduction of the green revolution varieties in the 1970s. Technical efficiency reduces at an annual rate of 0.47 per cent during the period they investigate. This has an effect on the total factor productivity which declines at the rate of 0.23 per cent per annum with the rate of reduction increasing in later years. This, they say, raises questions of food security and increase in agricultural productivity in Bangladesh. They point out the non-use of price data in their analysis which makes their work different from other authors (Coelli et al 2003 cites Pray and Ahmed, 1991, and, Dey and Evenson, 1991). Wadud and White (2000) compare the stochastic frontier approach with the data envelopment analysis and discover both methods indicate efficiency is significantly affected by irrigation and environmental degradation. in that location ar e a few papers that attempt to analyse technical, allocative and economic efficiencies at once in a single research. Bravo-Ureta and Pinheiro (1997) carry out a frontier analysis using the self-dual Cobb-Douglas production function to analyse farm data from Dominican Republic. They justify the use of the Cobb Douglas production function because the method they adopt requires both the use of the production and cost frontiers. Their research is important because they use the maximum likelihood technique to emphasize the essence of not only estimating the technical efficiency but also, the allocative and economic efficiency. Another paper that follows in this light is that of Bravo-Ureta (1994) who attempts to measure the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of cotton and cassava farmers in eastern Paraguay. He estimates economic efficiency for cotton and cassava farmers to be around forty per cent and fifty-two per cent respectively.There could be spatial differences in th e technical efficiencies of different farms based on ecological differences, farm size and interactions between these two variables. Tadesse and Krishnamoorthy (1997) set out to investigate this in their research on paddy rice farmers in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. They remark that the farmers still have opportunity of increasing their efficiency by seventeen per cent. They observe significant sport in the variation of mean technical efficiency in the four zones that make up Tamil Nadu. They use a two floor approach where the first proletariat is to obtain farm-specific technical efficiency and then use a Tobit model to compare the differences in the technical efficiencies of each region and zone. Wang and Schmidt (2002) note a bias in the results obtained by this process and they went ahead to use the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique to prove that there is serious bias at every stage of the procedure.Chen et al (2009) also examine the technical efficiency of farms in four regions of China. The four regions are North, North-East, East and South-West. They observe that different inputs need to be put to efficient use in the different regions. For example, inefficient use of industrial input is the main problem in the East while in the North it is capital. They assert that farms in the North and North-East are relatively more efficient than farms in the East and South-West. They recommend a change in the land tenure system to eliminate land fragmentation in China.Other researchers have used the stochastic production frontiers to investigate the impact of governing body programmes on farmers efficiency. For example, Seyoum et al (1998) use the Battese and Coelli (1995) stochastic production function to compare between farmers that participate in Sasakawa-Global 2000 project and those who do not in Ethiopia. They collect twenty samples from two different districts (Keresa and Kombolcha) of eastern Ethiopia and show the difference in the levels of product ion in these two districts by use of a dummy for one district. The data is panel in nature which justifies their use of the Battese and Coelli (1995) model. Battese and Coelli (1995)3is a panel data extension of the Kumbhakar et al (1991) research work. Seyoum et al (1998) recommend that policy makers should fill out the Sasakawa-Global 2000 project as farmers who participated have better output, productivity and efficiency than farmers that did not.Still on the impact of government programmes on efficiency, Abdulai and Huffman (2000) look at the impact of the geomorphological Adjustment Programme on the efficiency of rice farmers in Northern Ghana using a stochastic profit function. Their results show rice producers in the region are highly responsive to market prices for rice and inputs. They support the introduction of the structural adjustment programme because it makes the farmers more market oriented. Also, Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999) find the Cobb-Douglas production func tion as being adequate to represent the efficiency of Nigerias National Directorate of Employment Farmers Scheme. They reject the half-normal distribution assumption for the inefficiency term. Ajibefun (2002) simulates the impact of policy variables on the technical efficiency of small-scale farmers in Nigeria. He discovers that increase in education level and the farming experience would significantly improve the small-scale farmers technical efficiency. Amaza and Olayemi (2002) investigate the technical efficiency of food crop farmers in Gombe State, Nigeria and arrive at similar mean technical efficiency as Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999). However, the difference between the minimum and maximum technical efficiency score for Amaza and Olayemi (2002) is seventy-six per cent while for Ajibefun and Abdulkadri (1999) is about sixty-six per cent.Jara-Rojas et al (2012) look at the impact of the adoption of soil and water conservation practices on productivity and they discover a positi ve relation between soil and water conservation and technical efficiency. They discover that an enhancement of the technical efficiency also improves the net returns on investment.The use of the stochastic frontier model to estimate the effect of health on farmers efficiency is also very important in the literature. Croppenstedt and Mller (2000) take up this challenge when they research into the role of the Ethiopian farmers health and nutritional status on their productivity and efficiency. They find that distance to the source of water as well as nutrition and morbidity affect agricultural productivity. Surprisingly, elasticities of labour productivity regarding their nutritional status are strong. They further affirm that this strong correlation continues with technology estimates and wage equations. However, they record considerable loss in production due to technical inefficiency even after accounting for health and nutrition of workers.Ajani and Ugwu (2008) look at the impact of adverse health on the productivity of farmers living in the Kainji wash-hand basin of North-Central Nigeria. Their study shows the health variable as being positive, large and statistically significant. They therefore come together that health capital is an essential input in agriculture.A paper that successfully combined the non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis and an econometric model is Audibert et al (2003). They use a combination of the data envelopment analysis and the Tobit model to infer on the social and health determinants of the efficiency of cotton farmers in Northern Cte dIvoire. They use the high density of the malaria parasite in the blood of an individual as a proxy for the health of the household. They use a two step process firstly, they use the data envelopment analysis to arrive at relative technical efficiency values and then they regress this efficiency scores against factors they think will affect efficiency. The high density of malaria p arasite in the blood variable enters the model at the second stage. Their results show that malaria greatly reduces farmers technical efficiency. They further conclude that it is intensity of infection by the disease that is important rather than its presence. Our research collects data on the prevalence of the disease in an area rather than just hospital reported cases this we believe will give further credence to our results.Ajani and Ashagidigbi (2008) use numbers of days of incapacitation as a proxy for malaria incidence in Oyo State, Nigeria. Surprisingly, they ran a normal linear regression to investigate the effects of malaria on agricultural productivity. Their analysis shows that age and days of incapacitation are insignificant statistically. Olarinde et al (2008) research the factors that affect bee keepers technical efficiency in Oyo state, Nigeria. They observe that the bee keepers are efficient by about eighty-five per cent there is still room for to increase their eff iciency by fifteen per cent. They point out that some of the farmers do not take bee-keeping as their main occupation. This, they say, is a major determinant of efficiency. matrimonial status is also another variable that affects technical efficiency, they note. They observe that a farmer who is single is likely to be more efficient than a wed farmer.Mochebelele and Winter-Nelson (2000) examine the effect of migratory labour (to mine fields in South Africa) on farm technical efficiency. They try to establish if migrant labour actually complement farm production or not. They establish that households with migrant farmers have higher production and are more efficient than households without migrant farmers.In the use of the panel data for efficiency estimation, some researchers try to see if differences exist in efficiency values between the fixed effect model and the stochastic frontiers. Ahmad and Bravo-Ureta (1996) use panel data of ninety-six Vermont dairy farms between the peri ods 1971 to 1984. They carry out statistical tests to investigate the better model between the fixed effect model and the stochastic frontier model. The fixed effect model gave better results than the stochastic frontier model. Hence, they conclude that the fixed effect model involve to be considered in panel data analysis.Reinhard et al (1999) estimate the technical and environmental efficiency of a panel of dairy farms. They assume the production of two outputs dairy and excessive use of Nitrogen. They analyse their efficiencies separately. Their objective involves investigating whether farmers can both be technically and environmentally efficient. They also examine the compatibility of these two types of efficiencies. They obtain a mean output-technical efficiency of 0.894 while the input-oriented environment efficiency is 0.441. They remark that intensive dairy farming is both technically and environmentally more efficient than extensive dairy farming.Reinhard et al (2000) exa mine comprehensive environmental efficiency in Dutch dairy farms. This paper is a continuation of Reinhard et al (1999) paper. In this paper, apart from surplus Nitrogen which they use in their earlier work, they also investigate excess use of phosphate and total energy use of these farms. They compare efficiency scores in the stochastic frontier analysis with the data envelopment analysis. The mean technical efficiency values for the two methods of analysis are different. The stochastic frontier has an output technical efficiency value of eighty-nine per cent while the data envelopment analysis has an efficiency value of seven-eight per cent. There is significant difference between their environmental efficiencies also. The stochastic frontier analysis records a value of eighty per cent while the data envelopment analysis records a value of fifty-two per cent. It is evident from the result of the two efficiencies that the stochastic frontier method over-values efficiency scores.Bef ore we close this section we refer the reader to a work by Strauss (1986). The work is important because it attempts to investigate the effect of nutrition on farm labour productivity in Sierra Leone. He uses an average response model to capture this effect. He estimates a Cobb-Douglas production function which accounts for simultaneity in input and calorie choice. His exercise shows calorie using up has significant impact on labour productivity. He, however, places a caveat on this result because individual-level nutrient and anthropometric data are not included in the analysis. His result supports the nutrition productivity hypothesis to a great extent.In the last few pages we attempt to explain to the reader the preponderance of the Frequentist method of analysing the stochastic frontier especially in agriculture. We emphasize the diverse uses of the parametric method of efficiency measurement in agriculture. We believe that other literature in agriculture will fall into one of the categories we peruse above. Next, we take a look at the Bayesian econometrist view. The reader should note how few the literature is compared to the Frequentist method. Also, for a thorough perusal of the literature from the Frequentist perspective we refer the reader to Bravo-Ureta et al (2007) Delete.The Bayesian StudiesThe works of van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and leaf blade (1994) Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994, 1997) Koop, Steel and Osielwalski (1992), and, Fernndez, Osiewalski and Steel (1997) herald the Bayesian technique for estimating the compose-error model.van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) is a primer for estimating a Bayesian cross-sectional composed-error data. They resolve the problem of choosing the best functional form experienced in classical econometrics by mixing over a number of distributions. They use the Bayesian model averaging to average over the results of the Jondrow et al. (1982) and Greene (1990). In other words van den Broeck , Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) solve the problem of choosing the better distribution between the two. They also carry out predictive demonstration on their results using the Monte Carlo technique of importance sample.In continuation of van den Broeck, Koop, Osiewalski and Steel (1994) work Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994) show how to use the Gibbs sampling Monte Carlo method to arrive at estimates for the stochastic cost frontier model. They fit an asymptotically ideal price aggregator, non-constant returns to scale composed error cost frontier. They use Barnett, Geweke, and Wolfe (1991) method for generating the asymptotically ideal price aggregator (Koop, Osielwalski and Steel, 1994 cite Barnett, Geweke, and Wolfe 1999). They caution that care should be taken in the choice of functional form for frontier analysis. We believe the use of the Bayesian model Averaging technique should circumvent this problem. Also, they discover that imposing regularity condition on the price aggregator is found to reduce the spread of the Mntz- Szatz expansion.Koop, Steel and Osielwalski (1995) essentially show how to draw the different parameters in the composed-error model using the Gibbs sampler. They provide an algorithm to draw the different parameters of choice in the composed-error model. They show the ease with which this can be done using the Gibbs sampler. They also note the use of 0.875 as an informative prior for the inefficiency value. van den Broeck, Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1994) propose this value.Fernndez, Osiewalski and Steel (1997) introduce the Bayesian method for estimating panel data using a class of non- or partly-informative prior. They assert that using this type of priors for a cross-sectional data will make its posterior inference unreliable and inaccurate. This is because the total number of parameters in the entire model is big than the sample size. They circumvent this problem in the panel data where the researcher can impose a struct ure on the inefficiency terms. Koop, Osielwalski and Steel (1997) take Fernndez et al (1997)

Work of leadership

Work of leadingLEADERSHIP INTRODUCTIONLeadership is defined as a sour of influencing people to accomplish the mission, inspiring their commitment, and improving the organisation ( www.mindef.gov.sg 4/12/09 ). As defined leadership is a continuous process it is a chain of influencing and achieving. Moreover leadership is basi portendy depends on the behavior of a leader, it means the way leader handles the stem it cannister be charismatic leadership where pursual atomic number 18 truly depend on the leader with high vision, participative leadership where play alongers are completelyowed to take part in group discussions and they participate in the final decision, directive leadership where leader is strict with his rules and give directions, substantiative leadership where leader consider followers problems and grievances or payoff and punishment leadership where reward or punishment is given on the basis of final task results. ( www.legacee.com 4/12/09 )In this identifi cation the chief(prenominal) objective is to come up with my own leadership style and to show how effective it is in terms of handling agitate. Also the important aspect of this assignment is to show the factors which help the change to get the tag of effective change. substantiative LEADERSHIPThe leadership style I use to follow is Supportive leadership because accord to me the followers are as important as task. The goals can only be achieve with the help of followers if followers are confront any problem either in their own(prenominal) life or under organization roof the affect of that problem can be clearly measured from their task results. Moreover I use self made theory in my leadership which is Get addict an achieve , jibe to this a person can achieve any thing simply the conditions is that the person must be addicted to it. If followers are facing any grievances they can not be addicted towards achievement. Supportive leader in my way does not only mean handling gri evances of followers but I call myself supportive leader because I plan my tactics towards achieving a goal according to the followers ability and skills more(prenominal)over according to their willingness and motivation towards work. Supportive leadership is It leads people It doesnt drive them. It involves them It doesnt coerce them. It never loses sight of the most important principle governing any project involving human beings namely, that people are more important than things, ( Kriyananda, www.crystalclarity.com 4/12/09 ). Supportive leadership is working along with followers guiding them helping them instead of working ahead of them. Human beings are most important aspect of this typesetters case of leadership. According to me this leadership can be d whizz effectively if leaders treat followers as one who work with him rather work for him. Being the basket ball captain for two consecutive years I applied my leadership style and maintain a team.My basket ball team called Descent Killerz was one of the most conflicted team. Being the youngest in the team I learned a lot somewhat my team members , the team was on loosing streak and the main problem of the team was conflicts between team members. The coach of the team had tried all his best efforts to better the team and reduce the conflicts but he was failed. I was youngest in the team and new member as well, my friendly nature helped me making friendship with all of the players of my team. My understanding ability made me the favourite in the team members, ignoring my problem of unable to make dunks, the team let me play for them. Sooner I was ordained as a captain of the team only because of my supportive nature and supportive leadership behavior. I was the one who solved the conflicts of the team as every player was frank with me and use to serving his problem which helped me to understand the main problem of conflicts which was a poor composition. Players were playing in a poor formation which was disturbing them, some of the times defenders were used in attack which was uncomfortable for the players. I had a talk about this with my coach and he changed the formation according to the abilities of the players which eliminated the conflicts between the team players and I achieved a team with decency and named it Descent Killerz. My style of leadership i.e. supportive leadership was proved efficient at that time. And according to me this type of leadership behavior always come up with efficiency in achieving the goals.TYPES OF SUPPORTIVE LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS Showing concern for followers need A supportive leader should concern the needs of followers and past seek to fulfil them for increasing the efficiency of the followers. Being considerate and understanding Understanding the problems of followers and them try to eliminate them makes the supportive leadership in action. Showing consecrate and respect As supportive leader works with followers so the main business of such leader is to respect his followers and trust them. ( www.skagitwatershed.org 4/12/09 ) Being friendly informative, and encouraging Supportive leader should be friendly with his followers and try to provide as information as he can to make the employees efficient and most importantly he should always encourage his followers towards achievement of goals. Being sympathetic to others problems Supportive leaders should be sympathetic toward the problems of followers if they are not serious towards the problems of their followers they will not share their problems with the leader and so. Helping followers develop abilities and careers Supportive leaders are the one who help the followers to improve their abilities and advise them toward a good career.SITUATIONAL FACTORS THAT ENHANCES SUPPORTIVE LEADERSHIPFOLLOWERS CHARACTERISTICS Low self confidence Low self esteem Insecurity Expectations that leader will be supportive High festering needTASK CHARACTERISTICS Dissatisfying Str essful Highly structured Requires creativity Requires learningORGANIZATIONAL GROUP CHARACTERISTICS External conflict Newly formed group viscous group with shared beliefs in leader Formal plans, goals procedures Mission emphasizing human services Authoritarian superiorSITUATIONAL FACTORS THAT NEUTRALIZE SUPPORTIVE LEADERSHIP arrogant Followers Large Size of Group High Level Job Broad Task ScopeFACTORS OF MANAGING CHANGE IN AN ORGANIZATION The factors that contribute to potentiality of leadership in relation to managing change in an organization are as follow Followers support if a change is supported by the followers it makes an easy task for a leader to manage that change. For example if change is less absenteeism and followers are supporting this change by trim back their number of leaves. Followers understanding one of the most important thing is understanding . If followers are understanding the change it becomes easy for followers to follow the change. Moreover an unde rstandable change becomes more easy for a leader to manage. Followers trust followers who trust their leaders will always trust any change made by their leader. As an organization is made on trust between people it is one of the most important thing. As trust-able leaders are always welcome by followers so does their changes Situation the situational factor can help a leader to manage a change easily as the change always depends on the situation it is arrived on. For example if employees were feeling a hectic schedule and them leader come up with change in timings and breaking the schedule with certain breaks, this type of change depends on the situation. Rules if a change comes as a rule of company it becomes excessively easy for a leader to manage it as it is compulsory to follow it. For example if company comes as change in rules for not allowing smoking in premises it becomes compulsory to be follow by followers without an argue. Acceptance If change is accepted by the foll owers it is easy to manage it. For example if the change is in timings of lunch and followers accept it then there is no need to worry about managing that change by a leader. Expectations if the change is according to the expectations of the employees then there is no need to manage that change. For examples staff was demanding 15 days vacations in the time of Christmas and new year and company agrees on it then their will be no need to mange such a change. Superiors support if the change created by a leader is supported by its superior then it become less hectic for leader to manage it. But if superiors are against the change then it is difficult for leader to mange it. For example if leader says that every organic structure should be their in office by 8.30 in the morning and its superior comes at 10 am it becomes difficult for him to handle. Feedback the most important aspect of managing is feedback as it comes as a report card to the manager for his performance and if the re sult is not good it indicates that there is need for better management.CONCLUSIONIn expiry it can be said that how effective is the supportive leadership is. Supportive leadership not only help followers to work efficiently but it also provides bundles of knowledge to the leader as supportive leadership behavior helps leader to interact with each and every of his follower. Supportive leadership can be used mostly but it can be non-effective where the number of followers are many, as a leader can not create personal relations with huge number of followers. In the assignment I shared my own personal experience with this type of leadership and for me this leadership behavior was a huge success.

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay

Nanomedicament The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology EssayNanomedicine is a wide field of nanotechnology which involves nearly all fields of science corresponding nanoscience, nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanoengineering and many an(prenominal) more. Generally we can say that it is the practical application or the medical application of disparate materials at nanoscale to several nanoelectronic devices. These devices can be employ in diverse applications of medical treatments. Current advancements shows that possibly these nano devices will bring revolutionary changes in the field of molecular(a) nanotechnology. The current problem to the application of nanomedicine based devices is the toxicity and the bushel of nano particles on both the living beings and environment. Nano particles have been instituti whizd for treatment of different diseases like cancer, angiogenesis etc. But the problem is the way of words of these particles to the bole of patient as its difficult to handle these particles due to extremely weakened sizing. Nanotechnology is showing such a rapid advancements that allows the amalgamation of multiple therapeutic, sensing and proposeing agents with a range of 1-1000 nm. By the oncologic point these agents give new hope for the allThe applications of nanomedicine orderologies and particles for the treatment for diseases like cancer atomic number 18 more advantageous than the typical medicines and conventional medical treatments. Till time more than 20 nanomedical therapeutic methods have been approved by FDA. These new methods for nanoengineered materials ar hypothetic to give the maximum expected results.In this context the main issue is the speech communication of particle to the specified bea. For this purpose different methods are adopted in the lab and are found to be quite reliable. To deliver these particles in berth the human body seems to be easy save its not as easy as considered. Being active, if these particles ca n damage affected cells then, these can damage the healthy cells as well. Secondly the sizing of these particles excessively matter. much over the issues regarding the shape and response of particles toward different cells cannot be neglected. Al these calculates, somehow, affect the efficiency of the nano particles. So, if these issues are controlled, one can easily make nanomedicine more utilizable than any ordinary technique.Delivery of nanomedicine into the bodyNanotechnology is bringing the revolutions in almost all areas or the medical science. All the searches in the field of nano medicine are showing in full details that how the diseases are being produced in the human body and what could be the best way of treatment. It likewise explores the in-depth working of body as well as the development of disease. To make it useful in the field of medicine, it also requires to the development of new materials and new generations of medical nanomaterials. It is a fact that nano technology can be applied to almost all types of materials and surfaces that show new properties of nanoscale.According to the all medical requirements doses are being designed and delivered to the body by controlled and specified ways. Two things are very important in the field of nanomedicineDrug designDrug delivery1 Drug designDesigning the drug is undergoing the revolutionary changes by increased knowledge. The study of biological interact of drugs with the body is vastly increased. Many new generations of drugs are being designed and tested every day. The generation of new drugs gain much importance and specificity due to their complex structures. The complexity of their structures forces the researchers to work more and investigate as many possible applications of drug by making it bioactive molecule. They also modify the structure and process of manufacturing so that its more useful and produce least by-products. This is mostly do by manipulation and engineering of enzymes inside the body that promote natural production of these molecules.Nano technology and more specifically nanomedicine are helpering a agglomerate in understanding the mechanism of drug development and its mode of action. 12, 16drugdeliverytwo.jpg2 Drug deliveryAlong with the development of active bio molecules a distribute of research is done on the ways and means of drug delivery. It includes the methods for exact location of the drug where it is needed and the accurate amount of dose. Nanoscience and nanotechnology helps in understanding both the method of working and the location of intended drug delivery site. There are different vectors which can target a specific site like viruses that target a drug or gene to a particular type of cell or tissue. It can also define the ways of drug activating when it reaches the postulate site by the help of ultrasounds, light or magnetic fields.Many current drug delivery systems are remnants of old drug delivery systems that were in nan ometer range. Examples for these are liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and nano crystals. contrary old methods applied for drug delivery are still applicable to some extent. These methods are useful in some cases. Some of these methods areOral DeliveryInhalationTransdermalImplantationInjectionThese all methods are traditional methods in which drugs are supplied in bulk quantity but after they enter blood shineing they are delivered to the site of infection where they show their response. In these methods drug is also delivered to the healthy cells where it causes damage. Among these techniques implantation is somewhat better in this regard. Implantation is related to the allocation of drug to the disease part. Chances of healthy cell damage are slight than other techniques. Nanomedicine techniques are more advanced than these.1, 2, 3, 4, 7,8, 13Nanoparticles used for drug deliveryLiposomal amphoterins are used for the drug delivery. These are used for fungal and particle infections. These are most commonly used in patients with depressed white blood cell count (cancer and chemotherapy patients, HIV-infected patients, elderly patients). Liposomal formulation is preferred due to decreased side assembles and prolonged drug exposure. The release of liposomes is slow which increases its efficacy.Antibiotic loaded nano spheres are used for intercellular infections. Ampicillin is an example of nano spheres which is used for listeria treatment. It shows dramatic amelioration over free drug deliveries and these also reduce bacterial counts in liver at least 20 folds. These spheres used for salmonella treatment alone required 32 mg per mouse but with nano particles require only 0.8 mg. There are different types of nano particles that are used for drug delivery. Some are as followsMetal based nanoparticlesLipid based nanoparticlesPolymer based nanoparticlesBiological nanoparticlesAll these have their own features and efficacy regarding their shape, type and way of application. Metal based nanoparticles are introduced inside the body after capping with some inert material and then these particles are activated by energising them with the help of rays either light rays or the ultrasonic rays.Lipid based nanoparticles are small molecules like amphotericin B, doxorubicin, viruses and bacteria as vaccines and nucleic acid. These are made by mixing lipids together in constituent(a) solution and solution is evaporated later. Then hydration is done and liposomes are divided to small parts by sonication.Polymer based nanoparticles are alkylcyanoacrylates which are extensively used as tissue adhesive for skin wounds and surgical glues. Polymer based nanoparticles are slight toxic as they degrade by the hydrolysis of ester bond. This hydrolysis or degradation produces alkyl alcohol and cyanoacrylic acid which are eliminated during kidney filtration.Biological nanoparticles are most reliable than any other as they are biodegradable and cause le ss toxicity and environmental effects.(Virus a biological Nano particle)5, 6, 7, 18 subprogram of carbon nanotubes in drug deliveryDrug delivery system of nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 250nm has ability to improve current traditional therapies as it can overcome the biological barriers. Nano particles have achieved a great importance in targeted drug delivery especially in the case of cancer. Targeted drug delivery is being facilitated by carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes look promising in drug delivery to the specified areas. This has been approved by research and in the near future CNT are going to overcome the problems of delivery, gene therapies and vaccines.Our research is still in its earliest stages, but it shows great promise, says Alberto Bianco, at the CNRS Institute in Strasbourg, France. The nanotubes seem to migrate mainly to the nucleus, so we can imagine them being used to deliver gene constructs.Carbon nanotubes are also helpful in custom delivery. Its providing a dvancements to the injection of particles to the cells. These also help in cleansing cancer cells when excited. These emit IR radiations which kill cancer cell.Image of rolled sheets of hexagons12, 16, 17Use of nanorobotics in nanotechnologyNanorobots are the devices which are designed to protect and maintain body. For the time being these are more hypothetical instruments than actual practically implemented instruments. These are supposed to help in a lot of ways likeTarget deliverySurgery at nanoscaleBrain surgeryEye surgery cancer treatmentCarriers of drugsCuring skin diseasesMouthwash full of nanorobots which will be capable of killing pathogensImprovement in immune system by killing unwanted bacteriaCleaning of blood vessels and lymph nodesThese can be defined as hypothetical machines but as the research indicates these are going to help mankind very soon in all these aspects of medical science. These are supposed to be constructed with the part having dimensions of about 1-10 0nm. The main point of concern is the picture of energy to these machines and work is being done on it. Most of research is convincing on the fact that energy can be supplied by the cellular digestion of glucose.http//static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nanorobot-1.gif12,13Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamicsand nanoparticlesProcess of absorption, distribution, metabolization and excretion of medicine from the body is called pharmacokinetic. One can say that the study of what happens with the drug inside body is pharmacokinetics. On the contrast the study of what drug does with body is pharmacodynamics. Traditionally drug is designed by exploring small molecules which have both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties helping the drug to enter the blood stream quiet easily and then diffusing the cells. But this approach is limitized due many pharmacodynamics effects like slow release, less efficacy, less selectivity and high immunogenicity. Use of nanotechnology can reduce the risks of both as well as increase the efficacy. Use of nano medicine can prevent the degeneration or the side effect on active compounds or healthy cites.5,6,7,8Barriers to the nanoparticle distributionDifferent compartments of bodyact as barriers to the nanoparticles. These barriers areEpithelium blood lineImmune systemLymph nodeslymph vesselsRESExtravasationThe fundamental reason of the barrier is the size of nanoparticles and secondly the shape of particles. These two factors are needed to be considered carefully before introducing the nanoparticle based medicines.9, 10Factors affecting the efficacy of nanomedicineDifferent factors affect the efficiency of nanoparticles. These include the size, shape, chemical nature and many other factors. But as we are dealing at nano scale so the size and shape of the particles have a great effect on the efficiency of the drug.Effect of size on the efficiency of nanomedicineBody immune system has different barriers for the invaded particles and this is the m ost challenging area for the drug delivery. Clearance of the polymeric nanoparticles and bio-distribution are remarkably affected by the size of nanoparticles. For example if the diseased organ has to be medicated by nanoparticle based medicine then the bio-distribution is improved in the tissue by controlling he size and passive EPR and ligand functionalization. If the particle size is small the accumulation of particle inside the tissue is increased as well as the diffusion of medicine. If we take the example of liver and spleen, these parts can be absolved by different processes like hepatic filtration and phagocytic uptake. The circulation is improved by keeping the particle size 100nm. In kidneys the particles need to be cleared by excretion and the circulation is improved by more than half if the is 10 nm.Other barriers like hormonal arm and mucosal barriers are also controlled by controlling the movement of particles. These barriers are overcome by the nanoparticles due to t heir unique characters and size. This is found to be true especially in the case of abnormal neovascularization. Blood vessels are composed by endothelium which is of three typesContinuous endothelial morphology in arteries and vesselsContrast fenestrated endothelium in glands and kidneys(pores of about 60nm)Discontinuous endothelium in liver(fenestrae of 50-100nm)For the treatment of angiogenesis deepen permeability and retention (EPR) allows diffusion and accumulation of nano particles inside the tissue. The size limit of particle is 400nm. If we discuss the physiological parameters like kidney extraction, surface composition, hepatic filtration and others the particle size is a key factor responsible for the bio-distribution or medicine and medication efficiency.3,8 Intake of polystyrene nanoparticles is favoured at a temperature of 37 to 4C if the size is surrounded by 50nmand 500nm. Similarly the protein absorption shows a remarkable change with the change in size. Its variat ion is as followsSIZEABSORPTION OF PROTEIN100nmLess100_200nmModerateMore than 200nmMoreIIn short it is observed that the particles with size smaller than 100nm show less absorption of proteins thats why they are less resistant to the blood flow and stay in the blood for a long time.Effect of the shape and core of nanoparticleAlong with size the shape of particle is also an important factor of drug delivery and efficiency. Spherical shaped particles show minimum resistance and can imbue easier than any other shape.Shape is conditional to the type of material used for medication as well as type of nanoparticle being applied. In case of polymer based nanoparticles shapes are different and their efficacy is defined according to the fundamental interaction of accumulation and diffusion site and the material used. In this regard bio-distribution of stealth poly beta-amino ester nanoparticle and poly caprolactone particles with the same size gives a good idea of shape and core effect. si ze of both ranges from 100-200nm but the accumulation of both is different.Shape of therapeutic nanoparticles plays a crucial role in extravasation and interstitial transport. On the one hand, it has been shown that cationic nanoparticles preferentially target tumour endothelial cells and exhibit a higher vascular permeability compared with their neutral or anionic counterparts. On the other hand, neutral nanoparticles diffuse faster and distribute more homogeneously inside the tumour interstitial space than cationic and anionic particles, because the latter form aggregates with negatively charged (for example, hyaluronan) or positively charged (for example, collagen) matrix molecules.As far as the particle shape is concerned, studies have shown that macromolecules with linear, semi-flexible configurations diffuse more efficiently in the interstitial matrix than do comparable sized, rigid spherical particles.10, 11,12,14,18Strategies to improve deliveryFrom the discussion above it could be concluded that the drug delivery could be more targeted, specified, less toxic, more biocompatible and safe, fast development of medicine by the use of nanotechnological especially nanomedicine methodologies. The strategies of drug delivery are focusing on the enhance drug delivery particularly action on tumour by increasing the efficiency of vascular network. Strategies are to make nanoparticles penetrate faster and more easily. 2, 3, 1, 17ConclusionsThe innovation of nanotechnology is one of the greatest achievements of this century and use of this technology in medicine has revolutionized the entire biomedicine industry. As a field of rapidly developing there are a lot of business interests as well.Apart from this, we are still fighting against some diseases like AIDS, Cancer etc. and every year they monetary value a lot of lives around the world. Again treatment of these diseases are really expensiveand people especially form third world countries are not able to afford the cost of treatments. Here, nanomedicine can play a very important role by providing cost effective methods of treatment. But we should also consider some other issues including impact of nanomaterials on our environment. We have plenty of things to do on those issues before making nano-drug widely available to the mass people.1,13,11

Caring For an Aboriginal Patient with Chronic Renal Failure Essay

Theres someones first name in there **********************************************************************************************Blood and urine studies which are taken from individuals experiencing renal failure manifest deviation in the result and show symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, impaired thought processes, lethargy and headaches. This is due to the lessen in function of the glomerulus causing their inability to filter urea and creatinine in the blood and excrete waste products from the Central Nervous and Gastrointestinal systems (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p.1295). In the assessment, she presented with an itchy face (pruritus) as a result of dry skin, calcium phosphate deposition in the skin and sensory neuropathy (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p. 1298). The client is also exper iencing anorexia, nausea and vomiting caused by irritation of the GI tract by waste products which chip in to weight loss and malnutrition (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p. 1297). Glendas feeling of lethargy and confusion may be attributed to increase nitrogenous waste products, electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis and demyelination of nerve fibers (Mathers and Bonner, 2008, p. 1298). Glendas laboratory findings was entrap to have high levels of serum creatinine with 1132 umoL/L and urea level with 45 mmol/L, that is normally 60-130 ummoL/L and 3-8 mmol/L, respectively (Callaghan, 2009, Appendix). This finding may suggest a decrease in glomerular and tubular function in the kidney, when in normal conditions, serve to filter and secre... ...tp//www.kidney.org.au/Kidneydisease/FastFactsonCKD/tabid/589/Default.aspx LaCharity, L. (2013). Medical-Surgical Nursing Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Missouri (United States). Saunders. Mathers, T. & Bonner, A., (2008). Acute Renal disappointment and Chronic Kidney Disease. In Brown, D. & Edwards, H. Lewiss Medical- Surgical Nursing Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems. Australia. Elsevier. Stanley, D. (2012). Health, Wellness and Illness. In A. Berman & S. Snyder (Eds). Kozier and Erb Fundamentals of Nursing. French Forest. Pearson Australia. Staunton, P. & Chiarella, M. (2013). Law Nurses and Midwives. Victoria (Australia). Elsevier. Thackrah, R., & Scott, K. (2010). innate Australian Health and Cultures. Australia. Pearson. Thomson, N. (2009). The Health of Indigenous Australians. Victoria, Australia. Oxford University Press.